Background: Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) reflects poor asthma control. Assessing noninvasive biomarkers associated with EIB could help to monitor patients in the pediatric age. Aims: To test exhaled and urinary biomarkers for assessing EIB in atopic asthmatic children.
Introduction: The basis of the development of the anti-interleukin-5 monoclonal antibody mepolizumab was the acknowledgment of the crucial importance of this cytokine in promoting eosinophils
A large amount of data show that AR and asthma are associated both epidemiologically and clinically, introducing the definition of united airway disease. The mechanisms underlying such association were initially suggested to start from the nose, including the loss of the protective and homeostatic effects of nasal function, the activation of a naso-bronchial reflex and the spread of allergic inflammation from the nose to the lower airways. Later, other factors such as microbial stimuli and systemic inflammatory mechanisms, involving bloodstream and bone marrow, were advocated.
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