Evolution of out-of-plane deformation and subsequent instability in rectangular RC walls under in-plane cyclic loading. Experimental observation
In this study, to understand the causes and consequences of out-of-plane instability in rectangular RC walls, the sequence of events observed during a rectangular wall experiment campaign where out-of-plane instability was the primary failure pattern is discussed in detail. Large tensile strains developed in the boundary zone longitudinal bars at large in-plane curvature demands and caused subsequent yielding in compression during load reversal before crack closure could activate contribution of concrete to the load-carrying capacity of the wall.