Chiese fortificate all'Isola d'Elba tra l'XI e XVI secolo
Against the threat of Islamic, Norman and Greek pirates, starting from the eighth century, or due to con- flicts with the Genoese, Catalans, Neapolitans and French, up to the English and Dutch corsairs from the sixteenth century, Elba island is organized with a respectable defensive apparatus, especially thanks to the Pisans and the Lordship of the Appiano.