A mixed 3D corotational beam with cross-section warping for the analysis of damaging structures under large displacements
This paper presents the formulation of a tri-dimensional (3D) beam-column finite element (FE) with cross-section warping, based on a corotational approach for the analysis of damaging structures including material and geometric nonlinear effects. The model derives from an extended Hu–Washizu formulation and is an enhancement of a previously proposed beam FE formulation originally adopted for steel and reinforced concreted structures under linear geometry.