The Tower of Pisa survived several strong earthquakes undamaged over the last 650 years, despite its leaning and limited strength and ductility. No credible explanation for its remarkable seismic performance exists to date. A reassessment of this unique case history in light of new seismological, geological, structural, and geotechnical information is reported, aiming to address this question.
A database of numerical ground response analyses has been generated to assess the effectiveness of site classification
schemes adopted in seismic building codes. 1-D Ground models have been generated with a stochastic
approach based on a Monte Carlo procedure and the corresponding seismic response has been evaluated by the
equivalent linear elastic approach for a set of natural strong motion records. The study is intended to contribute
to the discussion of optimal subsoil classification schemes in terms of inter-class dispersion and reliability of the
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