The metalloid arsenic (As) and the heavy metal cadmium (Cd) are environmental pollutants with a wide-spread and persistent presence in all ecosystems.
Adventitious roots (ARs) are post-embryonic roots essential for plant survival and vegetative propagation via cuttings. In different types of explants, the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and its natural precursor indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), when applied exogenously, are the main inducers of AR formation. In many cases, exogenous IBA is more effective in inducing ARs than exogenous IAA, but the reason needs investigation. Arabidopsis thaliana thin cell layers (TCLs) consist of stem inflorescence tissues external to the vascular system.
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