INTRODUCTION: the purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) as a prognostic marker in patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and assess the efficacy and reliability of 2 different CTC isolation methods.
Hemangiopericytoma (HPT) is a rare mesenchymal tumor of fibroblastic type and for its rarity is poorly studied. The most common sites of metastatic disease in patients with intracranial HPT are the bone, liver, and lung, suggestive for an hematogenous dissemination; for this reason, we investigated, for the first time, the presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in hemangiopericytoma patient by CellSearch® and SceenCell® devices. Peripheral blood samples were drawn and processed by CellSearch, an EpCAM-dependent device, and ScreenCell®, a device size based.
Cancer cells leaving the primary tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment become vulnerable to active immune surveillance and require mechanisms of immunoevasion to survive in the circulation. Studies have identified several pathways by which circulating tumor cells (CTCs) might escape the immune system/immunotherapy attack. The PD-1/PD-L1 axis is an immune checkpoint regulator, playing a major role in maintaining self-tolerance. It is now well recognized that tumor cells co-opt the PD-1/PD-L1 axis of immune regulation to interfere with cytotoxic T lymphocyte function.
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