Ricerc@Sapienza

The essay highlights some challenges the cities are coping with in recent years. As the profile of states has drawn back in the wake of globalisation, that of cities is again on the rise

The Italian government of the territory is regulated by an urban planning law dating back to 1942, designed to regulate and plan the urban growth and expansion of the post-war. Over the decades this law has insisted almost unchanged on any attempt to adapt it to the changing socio-economic context and has become an instrument for the protection of land and real estate income.

Constitutional reforms in Ecuador and Bolivia and the subsequent laws on communications
have opened up the media space to new social and political actors: public and
community media. While the former tend to be associated with the state in form and with
governments in substance, the latter are not clearly defined and occupy a place in the
midst of the hegemonic struggle between the public and private sectors to enable citizens
to actively intervene in the competition for shaping public opinion. It is therefore necessary