Carvedilol induces biased β1 adrenergic receptor-Nitric oxide synthase 3-cyclic guanylyl monophosphate signaling to promote cardiac contractility
β-blockers are widely used in therapy for heart failure and hypertension. β-blockers are also known to evoke additional diversified pharmacological and physiological effects in patients. We aim to characterize the underlying molecular signaling and effects on cardiac inotropy induced by β-blockers in animal hearts.