Background: Eating self-efficacy (ESE) may be defined as the belief in one’s ability to self-regulate eating. Several ESE scales have been proposed but most of them focus on weight management or dieting. We developed a very brief scale assessing ESE in situations in which people face external (i.e. food availability and social eating) or internal (i.e. emotions, tension and hunger) pressures for excessive food intake.
Background: Experimental studies consistently demonstrate that acute sleep depri- vation increases food consumption. Moreover, epidemiological studies and meta- analyses show that children with short sleep have twice the probability of suffering from obesity than normal sleepers. Similar results are reported in adolescents, while in adults' results are heterogeneous. Habitual sleep patterns, however, have not been taken into account to date, yet they may explain this heterogeneity.
Aim: The aim of this literature review was to identify the tools developed and used to assess orthorexia nervosa (ON). Methods: A systematic search was executed in PubMed, Biomed Central, and PsycINFO. The final list included 70 articles that were critically analyzed. Results: A total of six tools were reported to assess ON: the BOT, the ORTO-15, the EHQ, the DOS, the BOS, and the TOS. The tools were based upon different conceptualizations of ON and of its diagnostic criteria.
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