Although it is widely accepted that future climatic change-if unabated-is likely to have major impacts on biodiversity(1,2), few studies have attempted to quantify the number of species whose populations have already been impacted by climate change(3,4). Using a systematic review of published literature, we identified mammals and birds for which there is evidence that they have already been impacted by climate change.
This paper aims at being a comprehensive reference for stakeholders, policy makers, and scholars interested in analyzing the problem of efficiency, effectiveness, and impacts of rail transport systems in a sound empirical way, paying specific attention to passenger transport services. The paper combines different analytical frameworks (engineering, economics, impacts), systematic review techniques, and advanced mappings. Framing economic efficiency studies into a transport planning perspective permits to move from efficiency to effectiveness issues.
© Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" - Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma
