Ricerc@Sapienza

Abstract – Based on high quality surgery and scientific data, scientists and surgeons are committed to protecting patients as well as healthcare staff and hereby provide this Guidance to address the special issues circumstances related to the exponential spread of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during this
pandemic. As a basis, the authors used the British Intercollegiate General Surgery Guidance as well as recommendations from the USA, Asia, and Italy. The aim is to take responsibility and to provide guidance for surgery

Introduction: Vitamin D is a fat-soluble hormone with
pleiotropic effects, whose deficiency in the elderly
contributes to the development of osteoporosis
and sarcopenia, increasing the risk of fractures, falls
and consequent morbidity and mortality. Studies
show a very low level of vitamin D in patients with
hip fractures but it has never been shown whether
there is an influence of inflammatory stress linked
to surgery in reducing these levels or whether it is
linked only to pre-fracture conditions.

Background: An altered IL-18 pathway in heart failure (HF) has recently been described and this cytokine was shown tobe of clinical and prognostic utility. Cardiomyocytes are a target of this cytokine which exerts inflammatory, hypertrophic,and profibrotic activities. B-type natriuretic peptide is a cardiac hormone produced in response to cardiac filling to regulatecardiovascular homeostasis.

Introduction: Chronic prostatitis (CP)/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) represents a challenge for the urologist, since the therapeutic efficacy does not always result in a satisfactory quality of life for the patients. Often the side effects of the medications used (anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, alpha blockers) far outweighs the benefits gained with their admission. The choice of nutraceutical medications is preferred for their effectiveness, that has been accepted and proven by the scientific community, and for the low incidence of side effects.

Background and aims: Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), a protein family that includes PARP1, is involved in cellular processes such as DNA repair, genomic stability and cell death. In addition, PARP1 has been recently demonstrated to be involved in several inflammatory diseases, such as septic shock, asthma, atherosclerosis as well as in cancer. The alarmin High-Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) exhibits various functions according to its subcellular location, which is finely conditioned by diverse post-translational modifications.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is characterized by immune dysregulation due to inadequate restraint of overactivated immune cells and is associated with a variable clinical spectrum having overlap with more common pathophysiologies. HLH is difficult to diagnose and can be part of inflammatory syndromes. Here, we identify a novel hematological/autoinflammatory condition (NOCARH syndrome) in four unrelated patients with superimposable features, including neonatal-onset cytopenia with dyshematopoiesis, autoinflammation, rash, and HLH.

Nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) are pervasive environmental contaminants belonging to the broader class of compounds known as alkylphenols, with potential human toxic effects. Classified as "xenoestrogens," NP and OP are able to interfere with the cell endocrine physiology via a direct interaction with the estrogen receptors. Here, using HepG2 cells in culture, the changes of the cell redox balance and mitochondrial activity induced by OP and NP have been investigated at mu M concentrations, largely below those provoking acute toxicity, as those typical of environmental contaminants.

Differentiation of infection from aseptic inflammation represents a major clinical issue. None of the commercially available compounds (labeled granulocytes, antigranulocyte antibodies, Ga-citrate, labeled immunoglobulin G, F-FDG) is capable of this differentiation, producing a nonnegligible false-positive rate. Recently, our group reported on a reliable labeling procedure of the antimicrobial peptide human β-defensin 3 (HBD-3) with Tc. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo Tc-HBD-3 uptake in a rat model of infection.

Background: A convenient approach to modulation of the inflammation has an influence on the production of inflammatory mediators – icosanoids, generated in arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism. The common therapeutic activity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), such as aspirin, includes inhibition of two crucial enzymes of AA metabolism-cyclooxygenase-1 and-2 (COX-1/2), with certain risk for gastrointestinal and renal intolerance.

The amphibian Bv8 and the mammalian prokineticin 1 (PROK1) and 2 (PROK2) are new chemokine-like protein ligands acting on two G protein-coupled receptors, prokineticin receptor 1 (PKR1) and 2 (PKR2), participating to the mediation of diverse physiological and pathological processes. Prokineticins (PKs), specifically activating the prokineticin receptors (PKRs) located in several areas of the central and peripheral nervous system associated with pain, play a fundamental role in nociception.