Techniques and outcomes of minimally-invasive surgery for nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava thrombosis: A systematic review of the literature
INTRODUCTION: Current guidelines recommend considering surgical excision of non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC ) with inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis in patients with acceptable performance status. Of note, several authors have pioneered specific techniques for laparoscopic and robotic management of renal cancer with level I-IV IVC thrombosis.