Italy introduces pre and post operation monitoring phases for offshore seismic exploration activities
Concern is growing that marine fauna can be affected by noise such as naval sonar, pile driving or geophysicalsurveys, among others. Literature reports a variety of animal reactions to human noise (from apparently null ornegligible to strong). However, conclusive results on its effects on marine mammals at individual and populationlevel are still lacking. In 2015, the Italian Environmental Impact Assessment Commission mandated seismicoperators apply a standard scientific protocol comparing marine mammal presence before, during, and afteroffshore seismic survey.