Chromogranin a as circulating marker for diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine neoplasms: More flaws than fame
Owing to the heterogeneity of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), the availability of
reliable circulating markers is critical for improving diagnostics, prognostic stratification,
follow-up and definition of treatment strategy. This review is focused on chromogranin A
(CgA), a hydrophilic glycoprotein present in large dense core vesicles of neuroendocrine
cells. Despite being long identified as the most useful NEN-related circulating marker,
clinical application of CgA is controversial. CgA assays still lack standardization, thus