In renal cancer emerging treatment options are becoming available and there is a strong need to combine therapies to reformulate and adjourn clinical practice. We here highlight and discuss the need to take advantage of the common immune targets to design combined strategies to increase clinical responses.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) target angiogenesis by affecting,
for example, the VEGF receptors in tumors and have
improved outcomes for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma
(mRCC). Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have
also been proposed for treatment of mRCC with encouraging
results. A better understanding of the activity of immune cells in
mRCC, the immunomodulatory effects of TKIs, and the characteristics
defining patients most likely to benefit from various
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