Assessment of energy and emissions saving solutions in urban rail-based transport systems
Global warming and climate change are indisputable theories. Since the Industrial
Revolution, the mean temperature of the planet has increased by 1°C. Now, temperatures
are approaching a higher stage of +1.5°C and the attention is on both CO2 emissions and
energy consumption. Transportation is a major component of the environmental impact,
accounting for approximately 30% of air pollution and energy consumption. Due to the
rapid urbanization in the EU, with an estimated 74.3% of the population living in cities,