Antiphospholipid syndrome: an update on risk factors for pregnancy outcome
Background: The optimal treatment of women with primary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is still debated. About 20–30% of women with APS remain unable to give birth to healthy neonates despite conventional treatment, consisting of prophylactic-dose heparin and low-dose aspirin. These cases are defined “refractory obstetric APS”. The early identification of risk factors associated with poor pregnancy outcome could be the optimal strategy to establish criteria for additional therapies, such as hydroxychloroquine, steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, and plasma exchange.