The early onset of weaning in modern humans has been linked to the high nutritional demand of brain development that is intimately connected with infant physiology and growth rate. In Neanderthals, ontogenetic patterns in early life are still debated,
with some studies suggesting an accelerated development and others indicating only subtle differences vs. modern humans. Here
Although knowledge of reproductive parameters is critical to project the chances of persistence of small populations, no data on basic reproductive traits have ever been estimated for the relict Apennine brown bear population (central Italy). From 2005-2014, as part of an ongoing ecological investigation, we compiled re-sight data on marked adult female bears (3 ? n ?
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