Ricerc@Sapienza

The paper analyses the issue of cross-examination in proceedings be-fore independent authorities, in particular the Bank of Italy, CONSOB and Antitrust.
The paper starts with an excursus on the case-law of the national courts.
The paper continues by pointing out that the central point of the analysis is to try to highlight how the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights can have quite significant effects on the level of protection and the level of adversarial pro-ceedings. In particular, the statement in the Grande Stevens case that there is a certain fungibility between proceedings and trial, implies a fungibility of guaran-tees, which can be on all sides but at the same time risk being nowhere.
Finally, the essay emphasizes that much depends on how the subject matter of the judgment is reconstructed in sanctioning proceedings.