Evaluating the incidence of pathological complete response in current international rectal cancer practice. The barriers to widespread safe deferral of surgery

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Battersby Nick, Glasbey James C., Neary Peter, Negoi Ionut, Kamarajah Sivesh, Sgro Alessandro, Bhangu Aneel, Pinkney Thomas, Frasson Matteo, El-Hussuna Alaa, Battersby Nick J., Bhangu Aneel, Buchs Nicolas C., Buskens Christianne, Chaudri Sanjay, Gallo Gaetano, Glasbey James, Minaya-Bravo Ana María, Morton Dion, Nepogodiev Dmitri, Pata Francesco, Sánchez-Guillén Luis, Singh Baljit, Zmora Oded, Perry Rita, Magill Laura, Bhangu Aneel, Altomare Donato, Bemelman Willem, Brown Steven, Denost Quentin, Knowles Charles, Laurberg Søren, Lefevre Jérémie H., Möeslein Gabriela, Pinkney Tom, Vaizey Carolynne, Bilali S., Bilali V., Salomon M., Cillo M., Estefania D., Patron Uriburu J., Ruiz H., Farina P., Carballo F., Guckenheimer S., Proud D., Brouwer R., Bui A., Nguyen B., Smart P., Warwick A., Theodore J. E., Herbst F., Birsan T., Dauser B., Ghaffari S., Hartig N., Stift A., Argeny S., Unger L., Strouhal R., Heuberger A., Varabei A., Lahodzich N., Makhmudov A., Selniahina L., Feryn T., Leupe T., Maes L., Reynvoet E., Van Langenhove K., Nachtergaele M., Monami B., Francart D., Jehaes C., Markiewicz S., Weerts J., Van Belle K., Bomans B., Cavenaile V., Nijs Y., Vertruyen M., Pletinckx P., Claeys D., Defoort B., Muysoms F., Van Cleven S., Lange C., Vindevoghel K., Wolthuis A., Todorovic M., Dabic S., Kenjic B., Lovric S., Vidovic J., Delibegovic S., Mehmedovic Z., Christiano A., Lombardi B., Marchiori M., Tercioti V., Dardanov D., Petkov P., Simonova L., Yonkov A., Zhivkov E., Maslyankov S., Pavlov V., Sokolov M., Todorov G., Stoyanov V., Batashki I., Iarumov N., Lozev I., Moshev B., Slavchev M., Atanasov B., Belev N., Krstev P., Penkov R., Šantak G., Ćosić J., Previšić A., Vukušić L., Zukanović G., Zelić M., Kršul D., Lekić Vitlov V., Mendrila D., Orhalmi J., Dusek T., Maly O., Paral J., Sotona O., Skrovina M., Bencurik V., Machackova M., Kala Z., Farkašová M., Grolich T., Procházka V., Hoch J., Kocian P., Martinek L., Antos F., Pruchova V., El-Hussuna A., Ceccotti A., Madsbøll T., Straarup D., Uth Ovesen A., Christensen P., Bondeven P., Edling P., Elfeki H., Alexandrovich Gameza V., Michelsen Bach S., Zheltiakova I., Krarup P. M., Krogh A., Rolff H. -C., Lykke J., Juvik A. F., Lóven H. H. K., Marckmann M., Osterkamp J. T. F., Madsen A. H., Worsøe J., Ugianskis A., Kjær M. D., Youn Cho Lee B., Khalid A., Kristensen M. H., El Sorogy M., Elgeidie A., Elhemaly M., El Nakeeb A., Elrefai M., Shalaby M., Emile S., Omar W., Sakr A., Thabet W., Awny S., Metwally I., Refky B., Shams N., Zuhdy M., Lepistö A., Keränen I., Kivelä A., Lehtonen T., Siironen P., Rautio T., Ahonen-Siirtola M., Klintrup K., Paarnio K., Takala H., Hyöty M., Haukijärvi E., Kotaluoto S. -M., Lehto K., Tomminen T., Huhtinen H., Carpelan A., Karvonen J., Rantala A., Varpe P., Cotte E., Francois Y., Glehen O., Passot G., D'Alessandro A., Chouillard E., Etienne J. C., Ghilles E., Vinson-Bonnet B., Germain A., Ayav A., Bresler L., Chevalier R., Denost Q., Didailler R., Rullier E., Tiret E., Chafai N., Lefevre J. H., Parc Y., Sielezneff I., Mege D., Lakkis Z., Barussaud M., Krones C., Bock B., Webler R., Baral J., Lang T., Münch S., Pullig F., Schön M., Hinz S., Becker T., Möller T., Richter F., Schafmayer C., Hardt J., Kienle P., Crescenti F., Ahmad M., Soleiman Y., Papaconstantinou I., Gklavas A., Nastos K., Theodosopoulos T., Vezakis A., Stamou K., Saridaki A., Xynos E., Paraskakis S., Zervakis N., Skroubis G., Amanatidis T., Germanos S., Maroulis I., Papadopoulos G., Dimitriou N., Alexandrou A., Felekouras E., Griniatsos J., Karavokyros I., Papadopoulos A., Chouliaras C., Ioannidis P., Katsounis D., Kefalou E., Katsoulis I. E., Balalis D., Korkolis D. P.
ISSN: 1462-8910

Introduction: The mainstay of management for locally advanced rectal cancer is chemoradiotherapy followed by surgical resection. Following chemoradiotherapy, a complete response may be detected clinically and radiologically (cCR) prior to surgery or pathologically after surgery (pCR). We aim to report the overall complete pathological response (pCR) rate and the reliability of detecting a cCR by conventional pre-operative imaging. Methods: A pre-planned analysis of the European Society of Coloproctology (ESCP) 2017 audit was performed. Patients treated by elective rectal resection were included. A pCR was defined as a ypT0 N0 EMVI negative primary tumour; a partial response represented any regression from baseline staging following chemoradiotherapy. The primary endpoint was the pCR rate. The secondary endpoint was agreement between post-treatment MRI restaging (yMRI) and final pathological staging. Results: Of 2572 patients undergoing rectal cancer surgery in 277 participating centres across 44 countries, 673 (26.2%) underwent chemoradiotherapy and surgery. The pCR rate was 10.3% (67/649), with a partial response in 35.9% (233/649) patients. Comparison of AJCC stage determined by post-treatment yMRI with final pathology showed understaging in 13% (55/429) and overstaging in 34% (148/429). Agreement between yMRI and final pathology for T-stage, N-stage, or AJCC status were each graded as ‘fair’ only (n = 429, Kappa 0.25, 0.26 and 0.35 respectively). Conclusion: The reported pCR rate of 10% highlights the potential for non-operative management in selected cases. The limited strength of agreement between basic conventional post-chemoradiotherapy imaging assessment techniques and pathology suggest alternative markers of response should be considered, in the context of controlled clinical trials.

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