?aiva nondualism
As a world view based on reason and revelation, ?aiva nondualism is expected to have its roots in ?aiva scriptures. Indeed, one of the most popular divisions of the ?aiva scriptures presents three sets of texts, characterised by dualism, dualism-cum-nondualism and nondualism, promulgated by ?iva, Rudra and Bhairava, respectively, in the number of ten, eighteen and sixty-four. The scrutiny of what is extant from the sixty-four Bhairavatantras risk disappointing the seeker for unequivocal nondualist lines, various forms of dualism being no doubt the common ground of the earliest ?aiva tantras. The very occurrence there of terms like advaita, advaya, etc., essentially concerns ritual practice. Apart from isolated instances, straightforward affirmation of ontological and epistemological nondualism can be found only in post-scriptural tradition centred on the seminal work of Som?nanda and Utpaladeva, then merely followed (and only partly developed) by Abhinavagupta. Such exegetical tradition is discernible in later markedly nondual scriptures, such as the K?lik?krama.