Ricerc@Sapienza

Musical expertise has positive effects on cognition, especially on verbal and linguistic processing. In this study
the relationships between musical expertise, not involving improvisation training, and divergent thinking were
explored. Expert and self-taught musicians were tested in musical, verbal and visual divergent thinking, and
were compared with a group of non-musicians in verbal and visual divergent thinking. The musical task required
to generate many different pieces of music using the incipit of ‘Happy Birthday’ as a starting point; the verbal
task required to list unusual uses for a cardboard box; the visual task asked to complete drawings adding details
to basic stimuli. For each task fluency flexibility and originality scores were measured. Based on these scores,
musical, verbal and visual creative indices were computed. In general, expert musicians showed higher creative
indices in musical and verbal domains than self-taught musicians and in verbal creative index than non-musicians.
No group difference was found in terms of visual creative index. These findings confirm that musical
expertise enhances not only musical divergent thinking but also verbal divergent thinking, probably supporting
the semantic associative modes of processing and improving verbal working memory, which facilitates the
online recombination of information in new ways. This effect seems to be specifically supported by formal
musical training. The lack of the association between musical expertise and visual divergent thinking, as well as
future research directions, are discussed.